Contents

• • Educational Programming Langages
    
    
    • Introduction
      
      
    • Pascal
      
      
    • Scheme
      
      
    • Logo
      
      
    • A++
      
      
  • Introduction to A++
    
    
    • Purpose of A++ and Origin
      
      
      • Purpose
        
        
      • Origin
        
        
      • ARS -- Generalization of the Lambda-Calculus
        
        
      • Name of the language
        
        
    • Motivations for the development of A++
      
      
      • To support an alternate method of teaching the principles of programming
        
        
      • To provide a learning tool for exploring the fundamentals of programming
        
        
      • To support a method teaching powerful programming patterns applicable to most languages
        
        
      • To open a new view of programming for many programmers:
        
        
    • Features of A++
      
      
      • Programming paradigms supported:
        
        
      • Constitutive Principles of A++
        
        
      • Closure
        
        
      • Basic abstractions derived from ARS
        
        
      • Development of Applications with A++
        
        
    • Internal Architecture of A++
      
      
      • Definition of A++ as Programming Language
        
        
      • Examples of A++ - Syntax
        
        
  • Linking Logic with the Physical World
    
    
    • Syntax of A++ including pre-defined primitive abstractions
      
      
    • Examples using pre-defined primitives of A++
      
      
      • Pre-defined primitive abstractions in A++
        
        
      • A++ including pre-defined primitives
        
        
      • A++ Overview
        
        
  • General Programming Patterns and A++
    
    
    • Closure Pattern
      
      
    • CLAM Pattern
      
      
    • List Pattern
      
      
    • Dictionary Pattern
      
      
    • Set Pattern
      
      
    • Recursion Pattern
      
      
    • Higher Order Function Pattern
      
      
    • Message Passing Pattern
      
      
      • Classes of objects
        
        
      • Instance of a class
        
        
      • Constructors
        
        
      • Creating instances of a class
        
        
      • Sending messages
        
        
      • Executing methods
        
        
      • Essential features of object oriented programming
        
        
      • Relation between classes
        
        
    • Meta Object Protocol Pattern
      
      
  • Discovering the Power of A++
    
    
    • Basic Abstractions
      
      
      • The IF- Abstraction
        
        
      • Extended Logical Abstractions
        
        
      • Application of extended logical abstractions
        
        
    • Numeric Abstractions
      
      
      • Natural Numbers
        
        
      • Arithmetic Operations
        
        
      • Application of numeric abstractions
        
        
    • Collections of Data
      
      
      • Basic abstractions for pairs
        
        
      • Basic utility abstractions for lists
        
        
    • Extended Numerical Abstractions
      
      
      • Abstraction `zeropair'
        
        
      • Decrementing a number: `pred'
        
        
      • Subtracting a number: `sub'
        
        
    • Relational Abstractions
      
      
      • Comparing two numbers: `equaln'
        
        
      • Comparing two numbers: `gtp'
        
        
      • Comparing two numbers: `ltp'
        
        
      • Comparing two numbers: `gep'
        
        
    • Examples for recursion
      
      
      • Calculating the faculty of a number
        
        
      • Calculating the sum of elements of a list
        
        
      • Insertion Sort
        
        
    • Higher Order Functions
      
      
      • Creating a new function by composition: `compose'
        
        
      • Changing the arity of a function:`curry'
        
        
      • Converting all elements in a list: `map'
        
        
      • Converting the `map' function: `mapc'
        
        
      • Selecting elements from a given list: `filter'
        
        
      • Searching for an element in a given list: `locate'
        
        
      • Iterating through all elements of a list: `for-each'
        
        
    • Set Operations
      
      
      • Checking for a member in a set: `memberp'
        
        
      • Adding an element to a set: `addelt'
        
        
      • Combining two sets: `union'
        
        
    • Associative Lists in A++
      
      
      • Abstractions for associative lists
        
        
      • Application of associative lists
        
        
    • Miscellaneous abstractions
      
      
      • Testing the basic abstractions
        
        
    • Object Oriented Programming in A++
      
      
      • First example of object oriented programming in A++
        
        
      • Source code for constructor `make-account'
        
        
      • Testing class `account'
        
        
      • 2nd example of object oriented programming in A++
        
        
      • 3rd example of object oriented programming in A++
        
        
    • Imperative Programming in A++
      
      
  • Computer Resources for A++
    
    
    • Support Functions
      
      
      • Abstraction for displaying a number
        
        
      • Abstraction for displaying a boolean value
        
        
      • Abstraction for displaying lists
        
        
    • A++ Interpreter
      
      
      • Installation of the A++ Interpreter
        
        
    • Initializing the A++ Interpreter
      
      
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 1
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 2
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 3
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 4
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 5
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 6
        
        
      • Initializing the A++ Interpreter part 7
        
        
    • WWW Links
      
      
  • Extending A++
    
    
    • ARS++
      
      
    • ARSAPI
      
      
  • The Lambda Calculus
    
    
    • Introduction
      
      
      • Origin
        
        
      • Definition
        
        
      • Literature
        
        
    • Syntax of Lambda Expressions
      
      
    • Basic Rules for Lambda Conversions
      
      
      • Notation used in Conversion Rules
        
        
      • Alpha Conversion
        
        
      • Beta Conversion
        
        
      • Eta Conversion
        
        
      • Rules of Associativity
        
        
      • Y-Combinator
        
        
  • Testing the Y-Combinator in A++
    
    
    • A++ Source code of Y-Combinator test program
      
      
    • Running the Y-Combinator test program
      
      
    • Comments on the Y-Combinator test program
      
      
  • Background of the Author
    
    
  
  
• Bibliography
  
  
  
• The World of ARS
  
  

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